diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index b7061ac..b873931 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! agcore —— 智能体（Agent）核心工具箱。
 
 pub mod llm;
+pub mod prompt;
 
 use tracing_subscriber::{EnvFilter, fmt, prelude::*};
 
diff --git a/src/llm/cycle.rs b/src/llm/cycle.rs
index 529a2fd..06e67cf 100644
--- a/src/llm/cycle.rs
+++ b/src/llm/cycle.rs
@@ -113,6 +113,94 @@ impl LlmCycle {
         self.usage.reset();
     }
 
+    /// 直接设置消息历史（覆盖已有消息），支持 Builder 链式调用。
+    pub fn with_messages(mut self, messages: Vec<OpenaiChatMessage>) -> Self {
+        self.messages = messages;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 追加消息到历史尾部。
+    pub fn extend_messages(&mut self, messages: Vec<OpenaiChatMessage>) {
+        self.messages.extend(messages);
+    }
+
+    /// 使用预构建消息提交（跳过自动 push user prompt）。
+    ///
+    /// 与 `submit()` 不同，不自动添加 `user_text(prompt)`，也不自动插入 system prompt。
+    /// 调用方完全控制消息序列内容。
+    pub async fn submit_messages(
+        &mut self,
+        messages: Vec<OpenaiChatMessage>,
+        tools: Vec<ToolDefinition>,
+    ) -> Result<ChatResponse, LlmError> {
+        let openai_tools: Option<Vec<OpenaiTool>> = if tools.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(
+                tools
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|t| OpenaiTool::Function {
+                        function: t.clone(),
+                    })
+                    .collect(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        let request = ChatRequest {
+            model: self.config.model.clone(),
+            messages,
+            max_tokens: self.config.max_tokens,
+            temperature: self.config.temperature,
+            tools: openai_tools,
+            tool_choice: Some(ToolChoice::Auto),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        if let Some(ref executor) = self.hook_executor {
+            let ctx = HookContext::new(crate::llm::hooks::HookEvent::PreRequest)
+                .with_request(&request);
+            let results = executor
+                .execute(crate::llm::hooks::HookEvent::PreRequest, &ctx)
+                .await;
+            if results.iter().any(|r| r.should_block) {
+                let reason = results
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|r| r.should_block)
+                    .and_then(|r| r.reason.clone())
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Blocked by pre-request hook".to_string());
+                return Err(LlmError::Other(reason));
+            }
+        }
+
+        match self.provider.chat(request).await {
+            Ok(response) => {
+                if let Some(ref executor) = self.hook_executor {
+                    let post_request = ChatRequest {
+                        model: self.config.model.clone(),
+                        messages: vec![],
+                        ..Default::default()
+                    };
+                    let ctx = HookContext::new(crate::llm::hooks::HookEvent::PostRequest)
+                        .with_request(&post_request);
+                    executor
+                        .execute(crate::llm::hooks::HookEvent::PostRequest, &ctx)
+                        .await;
+                }
+                self.usage.add(&response.usage);
+                Ok(response)
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                if let Some(ref executor) = self.hook_executor {
+                    let ctx = HookContext::new(crate::llm::hooks::HookEvent::OnError).with_error(&e);
+                    executor
+                        .execute(crate::llm::hooks::HookEvent::OnError, &ctx)
+                        .await;
+                }
+                Err(e)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// 提交用户消息并获取 LLM 响应。
     pub async fn submit(
         &mut self,
diff --git a/src/prompt.rs b/src/prompt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6086c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/prompt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+pub mod error;
+pub mod template;
+pub mod composer;
+
+pub use error::PromptError;
+pub use template::{PromptTemplate, PromptTemplateRegistry, TemplateContext, TemplateValue};
+pub use composer::PromptComposer;
diff --git a/src/prompt/composer.rs b/src/prompt/composer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4999a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/prompt/composer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+use crate::llm::types::message::{ContentField, OpenaiChatMessage, OpenaiContentPart};
+use crate::llm::types::request::OpenaiChatRequest;
+use crate::prompt::error::PromptError;
+use crate::prompt::template::{PromptTemplate, TemplateContext};
+
+/// 提示词组合器——构建多角色消息序列。
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct PromptComposer {
+    messages: Vec<OpenaiChatMessage>,
+}
+
+impl PromptComposer {
+    /// 创建一个空的组合器。
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// 从已有的消息列表初始化。
+    pub fn from_messages(messages: Vec<OpenaiChatMessage>) -> Self {
+        Self { messages }
+    }
+
+    // ===== 纯文本消息 =====
+
+    /// 添加一条纯文本 system 消息。
+    pub fn system(mut self, text: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::system_text(text.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 添加一条纯文本 user 消息。
+    pub fn user(mut self, text: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::user_text(text.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 添加一条纯文本 assistant 消息。
+    pub fn assistant(mut self, text: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::assistant_text(text.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 添加一条纯文本 developer 消息（o1 系列模型使用）。
+    pub fn developer(mut self, text: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::developer_text(text.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 添加一条 Tool 消息（工具执行结果回传）。
+    pub fn tool(mut self, tool_call_id: impl Into<String>, content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::tool_result(
+            tool_call_id.into(),
+            content.into(),
+        ));
+        self
+    }
+
+    // ===== 模板消息 =====
+
+    /// 使用模板和上下文渲染后添加为 user 消息。
+    pub fn user_template(
+        mut self,
+        template: &PromptTemplate,
+        ctx: &TemplateContext,
+    ) -> Result<Self, PromptError> {
+        let text = template.render(ctx)?;
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::user_text(text));
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// 使用模板和上下文渲染后添加为 system 消息。
+    pub fn system_template(
+        mut self,
+        template: &PromptTemplate,
+        ctx: &TemplateContext,
+    ) -> Result<Self, PromptError> {
+        let text = template.render(ctx)?;
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::system_text(text));
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// 使用模板和上下文渲染后添加为 assistant 消息。
+    pub fn assistant_template(
+        mut self,
+        template: &PromptTemplate,
+        ctx: &TemplateContext,
+    ) -> Result<Self, PromptError> {
+        let text = template.render(ctx)?;
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::assistant_text(text));
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// 使用模板和上下文渲染后添加为 developer 消息。
+    pub fn developer_template(
+        mut self,
+        template: &PromptTemplate,
+        ctx: &TemplateContext,
+    ) -> Result<Self, PromptError> {
+        let text = template.render(ctx)?;
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::developer_text(text));
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    // ===== 多模态 ContentPart =====
+
+    /// 添加一条含指定 ContentPart 的 system 消息。
+    pub fn system_content(mut self, part: OpenaiContentPart) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::System {
+            content: ContentField::Array(vec![part]),
+            name: None,
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 添加一条含指定 ContentPart 的 user 消息。
+    pub fn user_content(mut self, part: OpenaiContentPart) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::User {
+            content: ContentField::Array(vec![part]),
+            name: None,
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 添加一条含指定 ContentPart 的 assistant 消息。
+    pub fn assistant_content(mut self, part: OpenaiContentPart) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::Assistant {
+            content: ContentField::Array(vec![part]),
+            refusal: None,
+            name: None,
+            tool_calls: None,
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 添加一条含指定 ContentPart 的 developer 消息。
+    pub fn developer_content(mut self, part: OpenaiContentPart) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::Developer {
+            content: ContentField::Array(vec![part]),
+            name: None,
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 添加一条含指定 ContentPart 的 Tool 消息。
+    pub fn tool_content(
+        mut self,
+        tool_call_id: impl Into<String>,
+        part: OpenaiContentPart,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::Tool {
+            content: ContentField::Array(vec![part]),
+            tool_call_id: tool_call_id.into(),
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 批量添加 ContentPart 作为 user 消息。
+    pub fn user_contents(mut self, parts: Vec<OpenaiContentPart>) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::User {
+            content: ContentField::Array(parts),
+            name: None,
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 批量添加 ContentPart 作为 system 消息。
+    pub fn system_contents(mut self, parts: Vec<OpenaiContentPart>) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::System {
+            content: ContentField::Array(parts),
+            name: None,
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 批量添加 ContentPart 作为 assistant 消息。
+    pub fn assistant_contents(mut self, parts: Vec<OpenaiContentPart>) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::Assistant {
+            content: ContentField::Array(parts),
+            refusal: None,
+            name: None,
+            tool_calls: None,
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// 批量添加 ContentPart 作为 developer 消息。
+    pub fn developer_contents(mut self, parts: Vec<OpenaiContentPart>) -> Self {
+        self.push_message(OpenaiChatMessage::Developer {
+            content: ContentField::Array(parts),
+            name: None,
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    // ===== 角色标识 =====
+
+    /// 为上一条添加的消息设置 `name` 字段。
+    pub fn with_name(mut self, name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        let name = name.into();
+        if let Some(msg) = self.messages.last_mut() {
+            set_message_name(msg, name);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    // ===== 构建 =====
+
+    /// 构建最终的消息列表。
+    pub fn build(self) -> Vec<OpenaiChatMessage> {
+        self.messages
+    }
+
+    /// 构建并直接创建 ChatRequest（需搭配 model 参数）。
+    /// 返回的 `OpenaiChatRequest` 中 `tools`、`temperature`、`max_tokens` 等字段均为 `None`，
+    /// 可通过结构体更新语法补全：`OpenaiChatRequest { tools: Some(...), ..req }`。
+    pub fn build_request(self, model: impl Into<String>) -> OpenaiChatRequest {
+        OpenaiChatRequest {
+            model: model.into(),
+            messages: self.messages,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ===== 内部方法 =====
+
+    fn push_message(&mut self, msg: OpenaiChatMessage) {
+        self.messages.push(msg);
+    }
+}
+
+fn set_message_name(msg: &mut OpenaiChatMessage, name: String) {
+    match msg {
+        OpenaiChatMessage::Developer { name: n, .. } => *n = Some(name),
+        OpenaiChatMessage::System { name: n, .. } => *n = Some(name),
+        OpenaiChatMessage::User { name: n, .. } => *n = Some(name),
+        OpenaiChatMessage::Assistant { name: n, .. } => *n = Some(name),
+        OpenaiChatMessage::Tool { .. } => {}
+        OpenaiChatMessage::Function { .. } => {}
+    }
+}
+
+/// 验证消息序列是否符合 OpenAI API 要求。
+pub fn validate_messages(messages: &[OpenaiChatMessage]) -> Result<(), PromptError> {
+    if messages.is_empty() {
+        return Err(PromptError::InvalidSequence(
+            "消息列表不能为空".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let mut last_tool_call_ids: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    for (i, msg) in messages.iter().enumerate() {
+        match msg {
+            OpenaiChatMessage::Tool {
+                tool_call_id,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                if last_tool_call_ids.is_empty() {
+                    return Err(PromptError::InvalidSequence(format!(
+                        "消息[{i}] Tool 消息前必须有 Assistant 消息且含 tool_calls"
+                    )));
+                }
+                if !last_tool_call_ids.iter().any(|id| id == tool_call_id) {
+                    return Err(PromptError::InvalidSequence(format!(
+                        "消息[{i}] Tool 消息的 tool_call_id '{}' 未匹配任何 assistant tool_calls",
+                        tool_call_id
+                    )));
+                }
+            }
+            OpenaiChatMessage::Assistant {
+                tool_calls: Some(calls),
+                ..
+            } => {
+                last_tool_call_ids.clear();
+                for call in calls {
+                    let crate::llm::types::OpenaiToolCall::Function { id, .. } = call;
+                    last_tool_call_ids.push(id.clone());
+                }
+            }
+            OpenaiChatMessage::Assistant {
+                tool_calls: None, ..
+            } => {
+                last_tool_call_ids.clear();
+            }
+            _ => {
+                last_tool_call_ids.clear();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::prompt::TemplateValue;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_composer_basic() {
+        let msgs = PromptComposer::new()
+            .system("You are helpful")
+            .user("Hello")
+            .assistant("Hi there!")
+            .build();
+
+        assert_eq!(msgs.len(), 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_composer_tool() {
+        let msgs = PromptComposer::new()
+            .system("You are helpful")
+            .user("What's the weather?")
+            .assistant("Let me check")
+            .tool("call_123", "Sunny, 25°C")
+            .build();
+
+        assert_eq!(msgs.len(), 4);
+        match &msgs[3] {
+            OpenaiChatMessage::Tool {
+                tool_call_id,
+                content,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(tool_call_id, "call_123");
+                match content {
+                    ContentField::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "Sunny, 25°C"),
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+            _ => panic!("Expected Tool message"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_messages_ok() {
+        let msgs = PromptComposer::new()
+            .system("You are helpful")
+            .user("Hello")
+            .build();
+
+        assert!(validate_messages(&msgs).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_messages_empty() {
+        let msgs: Vec<OpenaiChatMessage> = vec![];
+        assert!(validate_messages(&msgs).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_template_render() {
+        let tpl = PromptTemplate::compile("Hello {{name}}, you have {{count}} messages").unwrap();
+        let mut ctx = TemplateContext::new();
+        ctx.insert("name", "Alice");
+        ctx.insert("count", "5");
+
+        let result = tpl.render(&ctx).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, "Hello Alice, you have 5 messages");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_template_if() {
+        let tpl = PromptTemplate::compile("Hello {{#if name}}{{name}}{{else}}Guest{{/if}}").unwrap();
+        let mut ctx = TemplateContext::new();
+        ctx.insert("name", "Bob");
+
+        let with_name = tpl.render(&ctx).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(with_name, "Hello Bob");
+
+        let without_name = tpl.render(&TemplateContext::new()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(without_name, "Hello Guest");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_template_each() {
+        let tpl = PromptTemplate::compile("Items: {{#each items}}{{item}}, {{/each}}").unwrap();
+        let mut ctx = TemplateContext::new();
+        ctx.insert("items", TemplateValue::Array(vec![
+            TemplateValue::String("a".to_string()),
+            TemplateValue::String("b".to_string()),
+            TemplateValue::String("c".to_string()),
+        ]));
+
+        let result = tpl.render(&ctx).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, "Items: a, b, c, ");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_template_display() {
+        let tpl = PromptTemplate::compile("Hello {{name}}").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", tpl), "Hello {{name}}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_context_from_json() {
+        let json: serde_json::Value = serde_json::json!({
+            "name": "Alice",
+            "active": true
+        });
+        let ctx = TemplateContext::from_json(&json).unwrap();
+        assert!(ctx.get("name").is_some());
+        assert!(ctx.get("active").is_some());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/prompt/error.rs b/src/prompt/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3afa1cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/prompt/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum PromptError {
+    #[error("模板解析错误: {0}")]
+    Parse(String),
+
+    #[error("渲染错误: 变量 '{0}' 未找到")]
+    VariableNotFound(String),
+
+    #[error("渲染错误: 引用的子模板 '{0}' 未注册")]
+    PartialNotFound(String),
+
+    #[error("渲染错误: '{0}' 不是数组，无法遍历")]
+    NotAnArray(String),
+
+    #[error("渲染递归超过最大深度限制 ({0})")]
+    MaxDepthReached(u8),
+
+    #[error("渲染错误: {0}")]
+    Render(String),
+
+    #[error("消息序列校验失败: {0}")]
+    InvalidSequence(String),
+
+    #[error("文件读取错误: {0}")]
+    Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+}
diff --git a/src/prompt/template.rs b/src/prompt/template.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a5738f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/prompt/template.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::prompt::error::PromptError;
+
+const MAX_RENDER_DEPTH: u8 = 16;
+
+// ===== TemplateValue =====
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum TemplateValue {
+    String(String),
+    Bool(bool),
+    Array(Vec<TemplateValue>),
+    Object(HashMap<String, TemplateValue>),
+}
+
+impl From<String> for TemplateValue {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
+        TemplateValue::String(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for TemplateValue {
+    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
+        TemplateValue::String(s.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<bool> for TemplateValue {
+    fn from(b: bool) -> Self {
+        TemplateValue::Bool(b)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for TemplateValue {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            TemplateValue::String(s) => write!(f, "{}", s),
+            TemplateValue::Bool(b) => write!(f, "{}", b),
+            TemplateValue::Array(arr) => {
+                let strs: Vec<String> = arr.iter().map(|v| format!("{}", v)).collect();
+                write!(f, "[{}]", strs.join(", "))
+            }
+            TemplateValue::Object(map) => {
+                let strs: Vec<String> = map
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(k, v)| format!("\"{}\": {}", k, v))
+                    .collect();
+                write!(f, "{{{}}}", strs.join(", "))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TemplateValue {
+    fn is_truthy(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            TemplateValue::String(s) => !s.is_empty(),
+            TemplateValue::Bool(b) => *b,
+            TemplateValue::Array(arr) => !arr.is_empty(),
+            TemplateValue::Object(map) => !map.is_empty(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn as_array(&self) -> Option<&Vec<TemplateValue>> {
+        match self {
+            TemplateValue::Array(arr) => Some(arr),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ===== TemplateContext =====
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct TemplateContext {
+    vars: HashMap<String, TemplateValue>,
+}
+
+impl TemplateContext {
+    /// 创建一个空的模板上下文。
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// 插入变量（支持 `&str` / `String` / `bool` 自动转换）。
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: impl Into<String>, value: impl Into<TemplateValue>) {
+        self.vars.insert(key.into(), value.into());
+    }
+
+    /// 按名称获取变量值。
+    pub fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&TemplateValue> {
+        self.vars.get(key)
+    }
+
+    /// 从 `serde_json::Value` 递归构造（支持嵌套 Object/Array）。
+    pub fn from_json(value: &Value) -> Result<Self, PromptError> {
+        let map = value
+            .as_object()
+            .ok_or_else(|| PromptError::Render("JSON 根值必须是对象".to_string()))?;
+
+        let mut ctx = Self::new();
+        for (k, v) in map {
+            ctx.vars.insert(k.clone(), json_to_template_value(v)?);
+        }
+        Ok(ctx)
+    }
+
+    /// 从 `HashMap` 构造（适用于配置加载场景）。
+    pub fn from_map(map: HashMap<String, TemplateValue>) -> Self {
+        Self { vars: map }
+    }
+}
+
+fn json_to_template_value(v: &Value) -> Result<TemplateValue, PromptError> {
+    match v {
+        Value::Null => Ok(TemplateValue::String(String::new())),
+        Value::Bool(b) => Ok(TemplateValue::Bool(*b)),
+        Value::Number(n) => Ok(TemplateValue::String(n.to_string())),
+        Value::String(s) => Ok(TemplateValue::String(s.clone())),
+        Value::Array(arr) => {
+            let items: Result<Vec<TemplateValue>, _> =
+                arr.iter().map(json_to_template_value).collect();
+            Ok(TemplateValue::Array(items?))
+        }
+        Value::Object(obj) => {
+            let mut map = HashMap::new();
+            for (k, v) in obj {
+                map.insert(k.clone(), json_to_template_value(v)?);
+            }
+            Ok(TemplateValue::Object(map))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ===== Fragment (AST) =====
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum Fragment {
+    Literal(String),
+    Variable { name: String },
+    If {
+        condition: String,
+        body: Vec<Fragment>,
+        else_body: Vec<Fragment>,
+    },
+    Each {
+        variable: String,
+        body: Vec<Fragment>,
+    },
+    Raw(String),
+    Include(String),
+}
+
+// ===== PromptTemplate =====
+
+pub struct PromptTemplate {
+    raw: String,
+    fragments: Vec<Fragment>,
+    partials: HashMap<String, PromptTemplate>,
+}
+
+impl PromptTemplate {
+    /// 从模板字符串编译。
+    pub fn compile(template: &str) -> Result<Self, PromptError> {
+        let fragments = compile_fragments(template)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            raw: template.to_string(),
+            fragments,
+            partials: HashMap::new(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// 使用上下文渲染。
+    pub fn render(&self, ctx: &TemplateContext) -> Result<String, PromptError> {
+        let mut output = String::new();
+        render_fragments(&self.fragments, ctx, &self.partials, &mut output, 0)?;
+        Ok(output)
+    }
+
+    /// 使用上下文和外部 partials 渲染。
+    pub fn render_with_partials(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &TemplateContext,
+        partials: &HashMap<String, PromptTemplate>,
+    ) -> Result<String, PromptError> {
+        let mut output = String::new();
+        render_fragments(&self.fragments, ctx, partials, &mut output, 0)?;
+        Ok(output)
+    }
+
+    /// 注册可引用的子模板。
+    pub fn register_partial(&mut self, name: &str, template: PromptTemplate) {
+        self.partials.insert(name.to_string(), template);
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for PromptTemplate {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.raw)
+    }
+}
+
+// ===== Compiler =====
+
+fn compile_fragments(template: &str) -> Result<Vec<Fragment>, PromptError> {
+    let bytes = template.as_bytes();
+    let len = bytes.len();
+    let mut fragments = Vec::new();
+    let mut i = 0;
+    let mut literal = String::new();
+
+    while i < len {
+        if bytes[i] == b'{' && i + 1 < len && bytes[i + 1] == b'{' {
+            if !literal.is_empty() {
+                fragments.push(Fragment::Literal(literal.clone()));
+                literal.clear();
+            }
+            let (tag_content, end) = parse_tag(bytes, i)?;
+            i = end;
+
+            let tag = tag_content.trim();
+            if let Some(rest) = tag.strip_prefix("#if ") {
+                let (body, else_body, new_i) =
+                    parse_block(template, i, "if")?;
+                let condition = rest.trim().to_string();
+                fragments.push(Fragment::If {
+                    condition,
+                    body,
+                    else_body,
+                });
+                i = new_i;
+            } else if let Some(rest) = tag.strip_prefix("#each ") {
+                let (body, new_i) = parse_each_block(template, i)?;
+                let variable = rest.trim().to_string();
+                fragments.push(Fragment::Each { variable, body });
+                i = new_i;
+            } else if tag == "#raw" {
+                let (raw, new_i) = parse_raw_block(template, i)?;
+                fragments.push(Fragment::Raw(raw));
+                i = new_i;
+            } else if let Some(rest) = tag.strip_prefix("> ") {
+                let name = rest.trim().to_string();
+                fragments.push(Fragment::Include(name));
+            } else if tag.starts_with("/") {
+                break;
+            } else {
+                let name = tag.to_string();
+                fragments.push(Fragment::Variable { name });
+            }
+        } else {
+            literal.push(bytes[i] as char);
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if !literal.is_empty() {
+        fragments.push(Fragment::Literal(literal));
+    }
+
+    Ok(fragments)
+}
+
+fn parse_tag(bytes: &[u8], start: usize) -> Result<(String, usize), PromptError> {
+    let len = bytes.len();
+    let mut i = start + 2;
+    let mut content = String::new();
+    while i < len {
+        if bytes[i] == b'}' && i + 1 < len && bytes[i + 1] == b'}' {
+            return Ok((content, i + 2));
+        }
+        content.push(bytes[i] as char);
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    Err(PromptError::Parse("未闭合的 {{ 标签".to_string()))
+}
+
+fn parse_block(
+    template: &str,
+    start: usize,
+    kind: &str,
+) -> Result<(Vec<Fragment>, Vec<Fragment>, usize), PromptError> {
+    let bytes = template.as_bytes();
+    let len = bytes.len();
+    let mut depth = 1u32;
+    let mut i = start;
+    let mut body = String::new();
+    let mut else_body = String::new();
+    let mut is_else = false;
+
+    while i < len && depth > 0 {
+        if bytes[i] == b'{' && i + 1 < len && bytes[i + 1] == b'{' {
+            let (tag, end) = parse_tag(bytes, i)?;
+            let tag = tag.trim().to_string();
+            if tag == format!("/{kind}") {
+                depth -= 1;
+                if depth == 0 {
+                    let (if_fragments, else_fragments) = if is_else {
+                        (compile_fragments(&body)?, compile_fragments(&else_body)?)
+                    } else {
+                        (compile_fragments(&body)?, compile_fragments("")?)
+                    };
+                    return Ok((if_fragments, else_fragments, end));
+                } else {
+                    body.push_str(&template[i..end]);
+                }
+                i = end;
+            } else if tag == "#if " || tag.starts_with("#if ") {
+                depth += 1;
+                body.push_str(&template[i..end]);
+                i = end;
+            } else if tag == "else" && depth == 1 {
+                is_else = true;
+                i = end;
+            } else {
+                body.push_str(&template[i..end]);
+                i = end;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if is_else {
+                else_body.push(bytes[i] as char);
+            } else {
+                body.push(bytes[i] as char);
+            }
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(PromptError::Parse(format!("未闭合的 {{#{}}} 块", kind)))
+}
+
+fn parse_each_block(
+    template: &str,
+    start: usize,
+) -> Result<(Vec<Fragment>, usize), PromptError> {
+    let bytes = template.as_bytes();
+    let len = bytes.len();
+    let mut depth = 1u32;
+    let mut i = start;
+    let mut body = String::new();
+
+    while i < len && depth > 0 {
+        if bytes[i] == b'{' && i + 1 < len && bytes[i + 1] == b'{' {
+            let (tag, end) = parse_tag(bytes, i)?;
+            let tag = tag.trim().to_string();
+            if tag == "/each" {
+                depth -= 1;
+                if depth == 0 {
+                    let fragments = compile_fragments(&body)?;
+                    return Ok((fragments, end));
+                } else {
+                    body.push_str(&template[i..end]);
+                }
+                i = end;
+            } else if tag == "#each " || tag.starts_with("#each ") {
+                depth += 1;
+                body.push_str(&template[i..end]);
+                i = end;
+            } else {
+                body.push_str(&template[i..end]);
+                i = end;
+            }
+        } else {
+            body.push(bytes[i] as char);
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(PromptError::Parse(
+        "未闭合的 {{#each}} 块".to_string(),
+    ))
+}
+
+fn parse_raw_block(template: &str, start: usize) -> Result<(String, usize), PromptError> {
+    let bytes = template.as_bytes();
+    let len = bytes.len();
+    let mut i = start;
+    let mut content = String::new();
+
+    while i < len {
+        if bytes[i] == b'{' && i + 1 < len && bytes[i + 1] == b'{' {
+            let (tag, end) = parse_tag(bytes, i)?;
+            let tag = tag.trim().to_string();
+            if tag == "/raw" {
+                return Ok((content, end));
+            } else {
+                content.push_str(&template[i..end]);
+                i = end;
+            }
+        } else {
+            content.push(bytes[i] as char);
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(PromptError::Parse(
+        "未闭合的 {{#raw}} 块".to_string(),
+    ))
+}
+
+// ===== Renderer =====
+
+fn render_fragments(
+    fragments: &[Fragment],
+    ctx: &TemplateContext,
+    partials: &HashMap<String, PromptTemplate>,
+    output: &mut String,
+    depth: u8,
+) -> Result<(), PromptError> {
+    if depth > MAX_RENDER_DEPTH {
+        return Err(PromptError::MaxDepthReached(MAX_RENDER_DEPTH));
+    }
+
+    for frag in fragments {
+        match frag {
+            Fragment::Literal(text) => {
+                output.push_str(text);
+            }
+            Fragment::Variable { name } => {
+                match ctx.get(name) {
+                    Some(val) => {
+                        output.push_str(&format!("{}", val));
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        return Err(PromptError::VariableNotFound(name.clone()));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Fragment::If {
+                condition,
+                body,
+                else_body,
+            } => {
+                let truthy = ctx
+                    .get(condition)
+                    .map(|v| v.is_truthy())
+                    .unwrap_or(false);
+                let target = if truthy { body } else { else_body };
+                render_fragments(target, ctx, partials, output, depth + 1)?;
+            }
+            Fragment::Each { variable, body } => {
+                let arr = match ctx.get(variable) {
+                    Some(val) => val.as_array().ok_or_else(|| {
+                        PromptError::NotAnArray(variable.clone())
+                    })?,
+                    None => {
+                        return Err(PromptError::VariableNotFound(variable.clone()));
+                    }
+                };
+
+                for item in arr {
+                    let mut child_ctx = ctx.clone();
+                    child_ctx.vars.insert("item".to_string(), item.clone());
+                    render_fragments(body, &child_ctx, partials, output, depth + 1)?;
+                }
+            }
+            Fragment::Raw(text) => {
+                output.push_str(text);
+            }
+            Fragment::Include(name) => {
+                if let Some(partial) = partials.get(name) {
+                    partial.render_with_partials(ctx, partials)?;
+                } else {
+                    return Err(PromptError::PartialNotFound(name.clone()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ===== PromptTemplateRegistry =====
+
+/// 内部存储的模板（支持延迟编译）。
+enum StoredTemplate {
+    Compiled(PromptTemplate),
+    Raw(String),
+}
+
+/// 模板注册表——管理多模板实例。
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct PromptTemplateRegistry {
+    templates: HashMap<String, StoredTemplate>,
+}
+
+impl PromptTemplateRegistry {
+    /// 创建一个空的模板注册表。
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            templates: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 从模板字符串编译并注册（立即编译）。
+    pub fn register(&mut self, name: &str, template: &str) -> Result<(), PromptError> {
+        let compiled = PromptTemplate::compile(template)?;
+        self.templates
+            .insert(name.to_string(), StoredTemplate::Compiled(compiled));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 延迟编译注册：只存储原始字符串，首次渲染时编译。
+    pub fn register_lazy(&mut self, name: &str, template: &str) {
+        self.templates.insert(
+            name.to_string(),
+            StoredTemplate::Raw(template.to_string()),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// 从文件读取并编译注册。
+    pub fn register_file(&mut self, name: &str, path: &std::path::Path) -> Result<(), PromptError> {
+        let content = std::fs::read_to_string(path)?;
+        let compiled = PromptTemplate::compile(&content)?;
+        self.templates
+            .insert(name.to_string(), StoredTemplate::Compiled(compiled));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// 获取已注册的模板（延迟编译的模板在此首次编译）。
+    pub fn get(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<&PromptTemplate, PromptError> {
+        if let Some(stored) = self.templates.get_mut(name) {
+            if let StoredTemplate::Raw(raw) = stored {
+                let compiled = PromptTemplate::compile(raw)?;
+                *stored = StoredTemplate::Compiled(compiled);
+            }
+            match stored {
+                StoredTemplate::Compiled(tpl) => Ok(tpl),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err(PromptError::PartialNotFound(name.to_string()))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 按名称渲染。
+    pub fn render(&mut self, name: &str, ctx: &TemplateContext) -> Result<String, PromptError> {
+        let tpl = self.get(name)?;
+        tpl.render(ctx)
+    }
+}